3. Solve the problem of continuous cropping soil: soil problem often occurs even for crops, it shou

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Agronomic crops, horticultural crops and livestock fodder crops are the focus of agricultural production, but the influence of various factors in crop yield and quality, no more than there is: soil factors, crop varieties, environment and climate, cultivation and management and pest control. Also refers to the "soil productivity" in any area better, we need to focus on these five factors, from the concept of economic point of view, there is only the investment income, so when choosing the best crop and soil complexes. Soil is the mother of crop production, to enhance soil productivity, we must first recognize the soil, you know what is fertile soil, and then going to know your soil tillage What are the disadvantages or limiting factor in crop production, coupled to improve those weaknesses and eliminate the limiting factors blackhawk of production, so that became the fertile soil. Lack of awareness of factors from soil to understand, from conservation to enhance soil fertility and crop yield is to ensure high-quality foundation. What is "fertile" soil is a medium to cultivate crops, so-called "fertile soil" refers to best meet the needs of the soil for crop production, it requires an adequate supply of crops needed to "Nutrition division" and "water" . These nutritional components include blackhawk nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, manganese, iron, boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, chlorine, etc. As for other functional elements, such as sodium, vanadium, cobalt, blackhawk silicon, selenium and other trace elements, There are differences according to the different needs of plants. In addition to adequate nutrition and water supply points, Supply "oxygen" also can not be ignored, especially in rainfed, perennial crops need Youqie root crop respiration requires oxygen supply, therefore, in the upland soil aeration for an important factor. (You can use strong oxidizing solid root soil aeration "Tian Wang," and in each subdivision application 20 ~ 45Kg American high-performance, high retinoic acid than natural "humic acid" in conjunction with the use of "fast harvest One, Three "sandy soils can be improved fertilizer problem difficult to control, and the majority of soil acidification due to fertilizer and other elements covalently bonded to cause hardening soil, they can enhance the value of fertile soil organic fertilizer than the turn of the aggregate structure) but also to provide a suitable environment (including blackhawk biological and non-biological), so plant roots to function and provide roots stretch pores and slow scale of the environment (including pH PH, salinity and temperature cushioning EC).
How to enhance soil fertility management of soil to reach Taiwan is located in subtropical - tropical, hot, rainy, humid environment, coupled with the use of highly intensive farming soil, temperate and year of a crop is different, resulting in the province of agricultural land prone soil degradation, soil fatigue or bogey disease occurrence, especially in rainfed or vegetables, fruits and soil problems caused by continuous cropping is worthy of attention and be added to the study to solve. Every region of the soil, due to the climate, cropping systems and soil parent materials are different, plus the difference between fertilization and management, soil characteristics are more or less there will be differences, some better grip, and some poor soil fertility, To enhance blackhawk soil fertility or fertility, we must first know what is wrong with the block field or limiting factors of production exists, the following lists the common soil problems blackhawk of the province, from the occurrence of the problem, blackhawk how to diagnose and how to solve, respectively, as follows: (a ) soil pH and soil acidification is not suitable for a phenomenon. Problems occur: too sour province portion (pH 5.0 or less) or too alkaline blackhawk (pH above 7.5) soil, easy to make the plants in the soil nutrients and changed to an inactive, so that the crop can not adapt, especially the most common soil acidification, The reason nothing more than a lot of rain and the parent material of acid leaching, plant nutrients sucked a lot of positive ions, inappropriate overuse of acid fertilizers, and organic acids caused by excess, with poor soil buffering capacity, the more apparent acidification. 2. Diagnosis of soil pH: pH Electrode used litmus blackhawk paper and color assay. When measuring pH, the soil should be mixed with water and stirred determination should not be measured in the soil is dry, because soil pH measurement is to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions in aqueous solution. 3. Solve the essentials: blackhawk * applying neutralizer: acid soil liming material base properties (such as fast harvest III, king, Tian Wang, agricultural lime, oyster shell powder), and in the soil with organic matter should be applied. Application of acidic alkaline material (such as sulfur powder, sulfuric acid, etc.), and in the soil should not be excessive, and can be used year after year in a progressive way to improve.
1. Problems occur: Taiwan is located under high temperature and humid and rainy environment, soil organic matter decompose quickly, especially dry or hillside is the lack of organic matter in arable blackhawk farmland in the province, about 65% of the soil organic matter lacking or insufficient blackhawk organic matter. In the absence of organic matter in the soil, the productivity of rainfed or fruit trees will reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers farmers must be increased, resulting in a waste of fertilizer, can not even raise productivity, but to make increased blackhawk soil diseases and environmental pollution. To enhance soil fertilization effect of this problem, it is necessary to increase soil organic matter from the start, in order to have a multiplier effect. To increase blackhawk the productivity of rainfed required more attention to the maintenance of soil organic matter, because blackhawk the effectiveness of many of soil organic matter, be able to:
10. The color black absorbs heat and helps in early spring planting. From the above, the effect of soil to be more than ten points, you must increase the organic matter content of the soil. 2. Organic matter in the absence of diagnostic methods: In addition to sending the relevant agricultural institutions, analysis blackhawk of soil organic matter content than can also be observed with the naked eye, such as the soil dry hard, or the color is red, very yellow, no crumb structure, which may be characterized by a lack of organic matter. The more soil organic matter content, generally are relatively dark color. 3. Address the lack of organic blackhawk matter in the essentials: the need for application of organic or organic fertilizer to increase soil organic matter sources, but also for planting green manure crops (such as sun hemp, Sesbania, milk vetch, tiger melons, beans, etc.). Cultivation system to be used in crop rotation systems, particularly in the legume crop rotation most conducive to enhancing soil organic matter. In the management should increase coverage and reduce soil erosion blackhawk and loss of topsoil, which is one way to maintain soil organic matter. Paddy diversion, should reduce the plow, but lower degree of site preparation for planting rainfed conditions, the preservation of soil organic matter of a lot of benefits. In recent years, the application of high humic acid and retinoic acid than the peat soil, increasing the stability of the soil organic matter quite helpful. (C) a poor soil physical properties. Problems occur: hillside soils common yellow brown or red soil of Taiwan, and the lack of organic matter in the soil is acidic, very poor physical, aggregate structure needs to be improved, and poor water holding capacity, and even drought-prone, blackhawk which is quite hard when dry, it is The typical poor soil (Please use "Tian Wang," "Three quick harvest," the United States "humic acid" can significantly improve). Soil texture is too thick or too close, blackhawk will constitute the soil problems, poor water retention is too thick, too close is too heavy soil compaction, poor drainage and easy, causing poor root growth. Poor local drainage or groundwater level is too high, easy to make the lack of oxygen in the soil, dry farming is growing very shallow roots, blackhawk but also prone to lodging occur. Drought in some areas and hillside phenomenon is more obvious or early occurrence of drought damage during the dry season, resulting in malabsorption of nutrients crops or fruit trees, has become a problem.
3. Solve the soil physical properties of the poor: * poor drainage: Regional poor drainage more economical approach is to choose water-resistant crops or varieties, or use Takakuro cultivation. Drainage systems can be simple type or subsurface drainage drainage method, set built drainage blackhawk system should pay particular attention to the efficiency of the use and economic life of the drainage. * Poor soil structure: poor soil porosity or aggregate structure, generally Adding organic matter and lime with, such as the more alkaline soil organic matter can only be applied. Deep soil improvement, use deep plow or pneumatic or hydraulic type, the deep loose soil or deep fertilization. * Soil or sand too close too: In addition to selecting which can adapt to the outside of the crop or breed bad soil, can be applied with new soil and organic matter to improve the poor of this texture. Too sand soil water retention and security are poor fertility, organic matter can vigorously Association ribs: soil porosity Tainian poor, such as mud when wet, dry as stone, organic matter, soil aggregate structure can be formed in order to facilitate the increase of pore water or drainage. Foreign soil can make more use of topsoil when building houses, lest valuable topsoil, buried beneath the building. (D) the soil nutrient imbalances 1 minute. Problems occur: unbalanced or excessive use of chemical fertilizers or excess organic fertilizers (especially greenhouse planting), will result in antagonistic effects between nutrient absorption, metabolism or cause element absorption, metabolism blackhawk and cause plant problems Whether massive, times the amount of trace elements are not excessive, for example: too much nitrogen, crop easy leggy, blackhawk lush foliage, vulnerable blackhawk to disease, flowering or fruit drop is not easy, not easy to succeed OF REGULATION; make too much phosphorus crop growth is slow, so inadequate absorption of trace elements; and potassium applied too much, then the crop lacks magnesium, calcium and trace elements overuse, the crop poisoning, causing growth failure. After long-term application of fertilizer, soil nutrients and should pay attention to whether there is an excess of certain elements, in order to avoid problems.
2. Diagnosis blackhawk of nutritional imbalance points: soil nutrient imbalances can not be seen with the naked eye, but the symptoms can scout out the plants, or plant body with chemical analysis of soil analysis and diagnosis can also be learned. Soil analysis and diagnosis should be checked regularly, as important as people's physical examination, especially intensive farming systems, at least once every three to four years to be diagnostic check again. Sampling for chemical analysis of soil or plant problem diagnosis, the problem should be taken on behalf of the soil or plant body, and preferably also no problem can be taken to the soil or plant next door or near the body, will be those who make the diagnosis quickly find where the problem lies separate two pack packaging, together send relevant agencies including the analysis of a college Agricultural Improvement and soil-related diagnostic blackhawk services unit.
* With the rotation system: soil nutrient imbalance, you can use a different rotation crops can absorb large amounts of nutrients in the soil and reduce the harm, or upland paddy crop rotation system that allows up nutritionally balanced state, coupled with proper fertilization can improve soil nutrient unbalanced missing. * Anti-constant fertilization: hillside when paddy crop rotation can not, rely on rainwater leaching excessive blackhawk nutrition is not easy, in addition to the above mentioned application of high maturity of organic matter, but can rely on excess remedy antagonistic elements such as phosphorus blackhawk overdose caused by a lack of trace elements, namely the deep fertilization or irrigation foliar fertilizer supplement; if potassium overdose can lead to magnesium deficiency, the use of anti-constant effect of magnesium blackhawk sulfate or magnesium silicate, magnesium fertilizer to a significant reduction in certain nutrients caused by the excessive hazards. (Five) blackhawk salts and heavy metal accumulation and pollution a problem. Problems occur: irrigation water contaminated by improper, organic compounds fungicides, chemical fertilizers or excessive use of salt, can cause salt accumulation and accumulation of heavy metals in soil. Because the soil has the ability, salts and heavy metal adsorption, although a small amount poured or applied into daily, in addition to soil conservation must pay attention to the problem is the loss of water or crops sucked, the result blackhawk of long-term cumulative bound to accumulate causing the problem, it is .
Accumulation of heavy metal pollution is not easy to wash away or removed (you can use a higher concentration of "Tian Wang" blackhawk were graded soil drench lavage, breaking solution to achieve the reduction effect, blackhawk making the rapid settlement of the deep soil heavy metal elements after reduction blackhawk and gasification evapotranspiration, ionized mode Ao no longer fit the other elements cause crop contamination), such as a small amount of contamination can still be added to the adsorption of organic matter in order to reduce the dilution of crop uptake;! as serious pollution should not grow food crops or forage crops, to avoid contamination entering the human food chain; If you want to grow you need to carefully choose the non-edible plants, such as timber plants, especially with fiber crops. blackhawk Foreign soil salts but also solve the problem of heavy metal pollution or mild to dilute the soil, reducing hazards of high concentrations of salt or heavy metals, such as hard off the topsoil, and the use of subsoil, after administration of a large number of new soil organic matter can be greatly improved subsoil, you can increase again after fertilizer application of fertilizer. (F) loss of topsoil Question 3. Solve the soil pests of essentials: the treatment of soil pests, including chemical treatment, physical treatment (such as high temperature), biological treatment methods, in addition to the use of soil amendments, "Tian Wang", "king", "fast harvest blackhawk III" "Special One fat," "Three special fat" in different ways chemistry, physics, biology and so improve the soil, so that is not easy to breed or increase crop pest resistance, and to control soil pests purposes. For example application of agricultural special calcareous material or the above materials, the soil by the rear acid adjustment, is also effective to improve pest of; applying organic soil improvement, but also can reduce soil diseases happen, but it should be noted stool type of organic matter, such as untreated, prone to cause a variety blackhawk of bacteria blackhawk or insect infection, when buried blackhawk in the soil is appropriate, may also reduce odors occur. Chemicals are essential prescription modern agricultural production, safe use is not a big problem. Conservation of soil microorganisms, beneficial microorganisms against germs, this biological balance can not be ignored, improper or excessive use of agents, beneficial microorganisms in soil and rhizosphere microorganisms are harmful. (Eight) and even as a soil problem. Problems occur: Many upland soils often due to problems caused by continuous cropping, because different crops or cultivation, management, fertilization, may give rise to different blackhawk continuous cropping problem, the problem is generally nothing more than occurred in the soil physical, chemical or biological properties, the common bacteria or parasites to breed too much explant metabolism of toxic substances, salts accumulate, or nutrient imbalances caused.
3. Solve the problem of continuous cropping soil: soil problem often occurs even for crops, it should not adopt continuous cropping, rotation blackhawk cultivation many benefits, especially the best upland paddy crop rotation. In addition to soil problems even for the switch to other crops, but also can be applied in acidic soils "Three quick harvest", "Tian Wang", "king", "Special One fat" or special calcareous material improvement in agriculture or improve soil microbial acidification environment; can be applied to improve or grow organic manure, organic matter decomposition of adsorbed toxic and toxic substances, and the effect of soil microbial balance, plus add a huge amount, and Minor and trace elements, can reduce nutrient imbalances points. The checks and balances of the biological, blackhawk but also can be applied into the application of beneficial microorganisms. Another change in the soil environment (such as flooding, ted, etc.), but also to prevent part of the problem blackhawk of continuous cropping. Even as the field often have a lot of aboveground or underground roots, these residues blackhawk may also be a source of quality problems, therefore, clear